Journalism at risk (2015)
Is journalism under threat? Censorship, political pressure, intimidation, job insecurity and attacks on the protection of journalists’ sources - how can these threats be tackled?...
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PDF - A mission to inform - Journalists at risk speak out (2020)
Police intimidation, legal harassment, defamation and intimidation campaigns offline and increasingly online, pressure - economic or otherwise - from editors or media owners and sponsors, detentions, threats and physical violence: journalists are constantly exposed to these threats by those who feel threatened by their work.
The murder of investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia in October 2017 sent shock waves through Europe. Violence and acts of harassment against journalists have become alarmingly frequent, as was laid bare in the Council of Europe’s 2017 survey of 940 journalists across the continent.
This follow-up study is about the human cost to journalists who seek to hold the powerful to account. It is based on in-depth interviews with 20 journalists who use their reporting skills to expose corruption, injustice and abuses, often putting their safety at risk. They share their insights into the realities of practising cutting-edge journalism while facing aggression, intimidation and vicious cyber-attacks. Too often the necessary protections fail and crimes against journalists go unpunished.
The freedom of the media to report without censorship or fear of reprisals is an essential pre-condition of democratic societies. This study represents a call for action to the 47 member states of the Council of Europe, with practical and forward-looking recommendations for ways to establish effective protection for journalists to enable them to safely fulfil their vital public watchdog role.
The murder of investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia in October 2017 sent shock waves through Europe. Violence and acts of harassment against journalists have become alarmingly frequent, as was laid bare in the Council of Europe’s 2017 survey of 940 journalists across the continent.
This follow-up study is about the human cost to journalists who seek to hold the powerful to account. It is based on in-depth interviews with 20 journalists who use their reporting skills to expose corruption, injustice and abuses, often putting their safety at risk. They share their insights into the realities of practising cutting-edge journalism while facing aggression, intimidation and vicious cyber-attacks. Too often the necessary protections fail and crimes against journalists go unpunished.
The freedom of the media to report without censorship or fear of reprisals is an essential pre-condition of democratic societies. This study represents a call for action to the 47 member states of the Council of Europe, with practical and forward-looking recommendations for ways to establish effective protection for journalists to enable them to safely fulfil their vital public watchdog role.
Foreword
Executive summary
Authors and Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Introduction
Executive summary
Authors and Acknowledgements
Authors
Acknowledgements
Glossary of terms Abbreviations
Introduction
Media freedom in Europe – a worsening climate for freedom of speech
Seeking a deeper understanding: rationale and research agenda
Methodology
Data collection strategy
Biographies of the interviewees
References
Chapter I – Narratives of intimidation
The general picture
Physical violence and coercion
Psychological pressure
Police intimidation, legal harassment and judicial practices against journalists
Economic interference
Conclusion
References
Chapter II – A chilling effect: the consequences of a hostile environment
A “climate of fear”
Psychological impact of intimidation
A personal price to pay
Self-censorship or resistance?
Journalism as vocation: where would we be without the fourth estate?
References
Chapter III – The impact of context
Introduction
Legal environment
Political environment
Economic environment: media ownership, financial pressures and precarity
Cultural factors: the context of gender discrimination
Conclusion
References
Chapter IV – Resilience in the context of journalism
Introduction
Facilitating factors of resilience among journalists
Mitigating the risk
Psychological harm – coping strategies
Motivation and identity
Conclusion
References
Chapter V – Urgent and resolute responses: the way ahead
Introduction
Enhancing protection against violent attacks
Ending verbal threats, insults and smear campaigns
Addressing gender-specific and other identity-related threats
Improving legislation
Reporting mechanisms
Prosecution and impunity
Education, training and awareness raising
Ensuring media independence
The media’s role in securing journalists’ safety, professionalism and well-being
Promoting and supporting investigative journalism
Journalists at risk speak out: who will listen?
References
Appendices
Appendix A: List of interviews (ordered by date)
Appendix B: Interview guide
Appendix C: Debriefing form
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Police intimidation, legal harassment, defamation and intimidation campaigns offline and increasingly online, pressure - economic or otherwise - from editors or media owners and sponsors, detentions, threats and physical violence: journalists are constantly exposed to these threats by those who feel threatened by their work.
The murder of investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia in October 2017 sent shock waves through Europe. Violence and acts of harassment against journalists have become alarmingly frequent, as was laid bare in the Council of Europe’s 2017 survey of 940 journalists across the continent.
This follow-up study is about the human cost to journalists who seek to hold the powerful to account. It is based on in-depth interviews with 20 journalists who use their reporting skills to expose corruption, injustice and abuses, often putting their safety at risk. They share their insights into the realities of practising cutting-edge journalism while facing aggression, intimidation and vicious cyber-attacks. Too often the necessary protections fail and crimes against journalists go unpunished.
The freedom of the media to report without censorship or fear of reprisals is an essential pre-condition of democratic societies. This study represents a call for action to the 47 member states of the Council of Europe, with practical and forward-looking recommendations for ways to establish effective protection for journalists to enable them to safely fulfil their vital public watchdog role.
The murder of investigative journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia in October 2017 sent shock waves through Europe. Violence and acts of harassment against journalists have become alarmingly frequent, as was laid bare in the Council of Europe’s 2017 survey of 940 journalists across the continent.
This follow-up study is about the human cost to journalists who seek to hold the powerful to account. It is based on in-depth interviews with 20 journalists who use their reporting skills to expose corruption, injustice and abuses, often putting their safety at risk. They share their insights into the realities of practising cutting-edge journalism while facing aggression, intimidation and vicious cyber-attacks. Too often the necessary protections fail and crimes against journalists go unpunished.
The freedom of the media to report without censorship or fear of reprisals is an essential pre-condition of democratic societies. This study represents a call for action to the 47 member states of the Council of Europe, with practical and forward-looking recommendations for ways to establish effective protection for journalists to enable them to safely fulfil their vital public watchdog role.