This book reviews the research conducted by the European Population Committee in recent years and offers a comprehensive outline of major demographic developments and their consequences on policy. The study was commissioned in preparation for the European Population Conference which took place on 7 and 8 April 2005 in Strasbourg. The structure of the report mirrors the four discussion topics selected as the key issues during the conference:* policy implications of changing family formation, low and late fertility;* population ageing and its challenges to social policies;* impact of migration on society and policies; and* vulnerable population groups and social policies.It offers demographers, policy makers and other interested circles an opportunity to understand better the importance and relevance of the demographic challenges facing European societies.