Foreword
Improving the situation of low-income workers
Executive summary
1. Introduction
1.1 Terms of reference
1.2 Working methods
2. Definitions
2.1 Defining low-income workers
2.2 Defining low pay
2.3 Working definition
3. Quantifying low-income work
4. Profile of low-income workers
4.1 Low income versus unemployment
5. Factors determining low-income work
5.1 Societal factors
5.1.1 Gender
5.1.2 Location
5.2 Individual factors
5.3 Employment factors
6. Barriers to employment
7. Consequences of low income work
8. European and public policies: making work pay
8.1 Tax and welfare policies
8.2 Employment policy
8.3 Education and training policy
8.4 Corporate social responsibility
Bibliography
Empowerment of people experiencing extreme poverty
Introduction
1. Extreme poverty and social exclusion
1.1 Definitions
1.2 Three premises on extreme poverty and social exclusion
2. What is empowerment?
2.1 Definition
2.2 Different dimensions of empowerment
3. Towards policies for empowerment of people experiencing extreme poverty
3.1 Extreme poverty is plural
3.2 Rights-based intervention
3.3 Co-ordinated approach
3.4 Evaluation and quality protection
4. Building individual capacity
4.1 Basic material support
4.1.1 Illustrations of basic material support
4.1.2 Criteria for empowering basic support
4.2 Allowances and credits
4.2.1 Some examples of benefits
4.2.2 Criteria for empowering financial support
4.3 Access to social services
4.3.1 Integrated social services
4.3.2 The case of over-indebtedness
4.3.3 Empowering social services
4.4 Economic activation policies
4.4.1 Kinds of activation policies
4.4.2 Empowerment by economic activation policies
5. The power of social networks
5.1 In-group solidarity
5.2 Out-group solidarity
5.3 Community development
6. Raising (political) voices
6.1 Bottom-up participation
6.2 Top-down participation
6.3 Participation structures and methods
6.3.1 Structures
6.3.2 Methods
Conclusion
Overview of definitions of empowerment
Bibliography
Appendices
Appendix I
Guidelines
Appendix II
Members of the Committee of Experts on Improving the Situation of Low-Income Workers
Appendix III
Members of the Committee of Experts on Empowerment of People Experiencing Extreme Poverty
