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To Have or not to Have - Must-carry Rules (2005)
At the heart of this latest publication in the IRIS Special series is the media policy commitment to ensuring that all viewers have access to certain core television content of particular public interest. This policy commitment requires that regulatory bodies take appropriate action to exert influence on the television market. One of the instruments available to regulators for this purpose is the system of must-carry obligations. This IRIS Special is based on the round table debate organised in April 2005 by the European Audiovisual Observatory and its partner organisation, the Institute for Information Law (IviR) of the University of Amsterdam, entitled "Must-carry obligations". It contains a comprehensive analysis of the key aspects of must-carry obligations and consists of 4 main parts: * The first part summarises the results of a workshop at which a high-level group of experts (see adjacent list of participants) conducted a lively round-table discussion on the topic of mustcarry obligations. * The second part deals with Article 31 of the Universal Service Directive, which establishes the legal requirements that must be fulfilled in implementing must-carry obligations in national law. IRIS Special provides a brief outline of the origin of must-carry obligations within the EU. This is followed by a detailed interpretation of Article 31 with respect to the reasonableness and scope of must-carry obligations, their purposefulness, proportionality and transparency. The analysis is completed by an overview of the EU states conforming to the Article 31 requirements. * The third part compares the European and American approaches to must-carry obligations. The American approach reserves a certain amount of cable network transmission capacity for local terrestrial television channels, irrespective of what content they broadcast. IRIS Special presents the controversial debate currently in progress in the US on this form of must-carry, taking up the economic as well as the constitutional and regulatory policy aspects of the debate. This part concludes with an investigation of how mustcarry obligations apply to digital signals and to satellite operators. * The final part looks at the future of the must-carry debate, beginning with a brief overview of the shortcomings of the existing regulations and going on to present suggestions on how the system could be revised in the digital era. This final part concludes with a discussion of the political issues that must be resolved before the instrument of must-carry obligations can undergo further development. * A glossary of key technical terms and legal sources concludes this IRIS Special.
The present IRIS Special contains a comprehensive discussion of the key aspects of must-carry obligations and consists of 4 main parts.
The first part summarises the results of a workshop at which a high-level group of experts conducted a lively round-table discussion on the topic of mustcarry obligations.
The second part is devoted to Article 31 of the Universal Service Directive, which establishes the legal requirements that must be fulfilled in implementing must-carry obligations in national law. IRIS Special provides a brief outline of the origin of must-carry obligations within the EU. This is followed by a detailed interpretation of Article 31 with respect to the reasonableness and scope of must-carry obligations, their purposefulness, proportionality, transparency, etc. The analysis is completed by an overview of the EU states conforming to the Article 31 requirements.
The third part compares the European and American approaches to must-carry obligations. The American approach reserves a certain amount of cable network transmission capacity for local terrestrial television channels, irrespective of what content they broadcast. IRIS Special presents the controversial debate currently in progress in the USA on this form of must-carry, taking up the economic as well as the constitutional and regulatory policy aspects of the debate. This part concludes with an investigation of how mustcarry obligations apply to digital signals and to satellite operators.
The final part looks at the future of the must-carry debate, beginning with a brief overview of the shortcomings of the existing regulations and going on to present suggestions on how the system could be revised in the digital era. This final part concludes with a discussion of the political issues that must be resolved before the instrument of must-carry obligations can undergo further development.
A glossary of key technical terms and legal sources concludes this IRIS Special.
At the heart of this latest publication in the IRIS Special series is the media policy commitment to ensuring that all viewers have access to certain core television content of particular public interest. This policy commitment requires that regulatory bodies take appropriate action to exert influence on the television market. One of the instruments available to regulators for this purpose is the system of must-carry obligations. This IRIS Special is based on the round table debate organised in April 2005 by the European Audiovisual Observatory and its partner organisation, the Institute for Information Law (IviR) of the University of Amsterdam, entitled "Must-carry obligations". It contains a comprehensive analysis of the key aspects of must-carry obligations and consists of 4 main parts: * The first part summarises the results of a workshop at which a high-level group of experts (see adjacent list of participants) conducted a lively round-table discussion on the topic of mustcarry obligations. * The second part deals with Article 31 of the Universal Service Directive, which establishes the legal requirements that must be fulfilled in implementing must-carry obligations in national law. IRIS Special provides a brief outline of the origin of must-carry obligations within the EU. This is followed by a detailed interpretation of Article 31 with respect to the reasonableness and scope of must-carry obligations, their purposefulness, proportionality and transparency. The analysis is completed by an overview of the EU states conforming to the Article 31 requirements. * The third part compares the European and American approaches to must-carry obligations. The American approach reserves a certain amount of cable network transmission capacity for local terrestrial television channels, irrespective of what content they broadcast. IRIS Special presents the controversial debate currently in progress in the US on this form of must-carry, taking up the economic as well as the constitutional and regulatory policy aspects of the debate. This part concludes with an investigation of how mustcarry obligations apply to digital signals and to satellite operators. * The final part looks at the future of the must-carry debate, beginning with a brief overview of the shortcomings of the existing regulations and going on to present suggestions on how the system could be revised in the digital era. This final part concludes with a discussion of the political issues that must be resolved before the instrument of must-carry obligations can undergo further development. * A glossary of key technical terms and legal sources concludes this IRIS Special.